Ihlobo leQualcomm: anti-monopoly "ban" isusiwe okwethutyana, abavelisi beefowuni eziphathwayo bacaphukile

Nge-23 ka-Agasti, ndandishushu. INkundla yeziBheno yase-US yesekethe yesiThoba (ekubhekiselwe kuyo njenge "Nkundla Yesibhozo Yesibheno" okanye "INkundla yeZibheno") yagweba ngelithi ukumiswa kokusebenza kweNkundla yeSithili saseSan Jose kwiSithili esiseMantla seCalifornia, eUnited States, Nge-21 kaMeyi (ekubhekiselwe kuyo njenge "Nkundla yeNgingqi") yenza isigwebo esithile ngokuchasene neKhomishini ye-Federal Trade Commission (FTC) v. Qualcomm Antitrust.

Ngexesha lale solar, elithetha "amagqabi ehlotyeni," isigqibo seNkundla yeZibheno sikhulule okwethutyana uQualcomm ukusuka "elangeni elangeni" kwinkundla yesithili. Emva kokuba uQualcomm efake isibheno, ukuzabalaza kweqela elininzi kunye nemidlalo ebandakanyekayo kwinkqubo yolingo yenza imeko yexesha elizayo kunye nesiphumo sokugqibela kunzima ukusichaza.

Uninzi lwemizi mveliso kunye nabezomthetho bathi kudliwanondlebe kunye neJi Wei.com ukuba ebusweni beli tyala elinxamnye nomthetho elasungulwa yi-arhente yolawulo yase-US kunye neqonga lezomthetho, akukho lula ukuba iQualcomm "ibuye ngokupheleleyo". Izinga lokurhaxwa kwamaphepha-mvume ngoku liza kuphinda lihlengahlengiswe ngakumbi.

Umda wexesha: “Ukuvalwa” kweNkundla yeSithili kunqunyanyiswa okwethutyana?

Nge-21 kaMeyi, emva kweminyaka emibini yokuxoxwa kwetyala, iNkundla yeSithili yase-US yagweba ityala le-FTC v. Qualcomm anti-monopoly kesi, yagweba ukuba uQualcomm waphula umthetho wokulwa ubukhosi kwaye wabeka iimfuno ezintlanu kwi-Qualcomm ngohlobo “lokukhululeka olubi”.

Ngamafutshane, ukuvalwa okuhlanu kubandakanya: 1. I-Qualcomm ayisayi kulufumana ugunyaziso lobunikazi njengesiqhelo sokubonelela ngeetshipsi. Iya kuthetha-thethana okanye iphinde iqokelele isivumelwano selayisensi nomthengi ngendlela efanelekileyo; 2. I-Qualcomm iyakulunga, inengqiqo kwaye ingacaluli. (FRAND) imigaqo-nkqubo izibonelelo zemigangatho ebalulekileyo yamalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza (ii-SEPs) kubakhuphiswano; 3. I-Qualcomm ayinakufuna ukuba abathengi batyikitye izivumelwano zonikezo ezizodwa; 4. I-Qualcomm ayinakuphazamisa ukunxibelelana phakathi kwabathengi kunye neearhente zikarhulumente ngonyanzeliso lomthetho kunye nemicimbi yolawulo; 5. I-Qualcomm kufuneka yamkele iinkundla kwiminyaka eyi-7 yokubeka esweni ukuthobela.

Kwi-Qualcomm, amanqaku amabini okuqala abaluleke kakhulu, elingana nokufuna ukuba batshintshe imodeli "engenalo ilayisenisi, akukho chip" yeshishini, ayinakuphinda isebenzise isibonelelo se-chip ukubeka uxinzelelo kwiingxoxo zelayisensi yabathengi, kunye nokugunyaziswa Umntu okhuphisana naye kuthetha ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo obunini kwinqanaba lokuthengisa chip kuye kwashukumisa ngokusisiseko isiseko sokuthengisa semodeli yokushaja yeQualcomm.

Isigqibo senkundla yesithili senza ukuba i-Qualcomm ingamkeleki, kwaye u-Qualcomm wapapasha isitatimende esisesikweni ngegama elinamandla: ngokuchasene nesigwebo senkundla yesithili, izigqibo ekufikelelwe kuzo ngabagwebi benkundla yesithili, isigqibo esisiso kunye nokusetyenziswa komthetho kungavisisani kwaphela, Kwangelo xesha, ingxelo iya kubhenela kwinkundla yamatyala yezibheno kwi-US Federal Judiciary, iNkundla Yesibhozo yeZibheno, kwaye ngokukhawuleza izakufuna ukumisa ukuphunyezwa kwesigwebo seNkundla yeSithili.

Kwityala le-FTC v. Qualcomm anti-monopoly kesi, kwagwetywa ijaji elawulayo yenkundla yesithili, uLucy Koh. Ngaphandle nje kokuqala kukaMeyi, phambi kokuba eli tyala libhengezwe, khange lithathele ingqalelo kwizindululo zeSebe lezoBulungisa lase-US ukubamba ityala. Ngapha koko, emva kokubhengezwa kwesigwebo, nge-4 kaJulayi, intshukumo kaQualcomm yokumisa ukuphunyezwa kwesigwebo ngexesha lesibheno seNkundla Yesekethe yesithoba yagwetywa ngqo.

Nge-8 kaJulayi, uQualcomm wafaka isimangalo kwiNkundla yeZibheno kwiSekethe yesiThoba, ngethemba lokumisa ukuphunyezwa kwezigwebo ezibini zeNkundla yeSithili ngexesha lesibheno.

Ngomhla we-15 kaJulayi nange-16, u-Nokia, iSebe lezamandla e-US, iSebe loKhuseleko kuZwelonke, kunye ne-Ministry of Justice bazingenisa ngempumelelo iimpepha enkundleni, beveza izimvo ezivela kumacandelo ahlukeneyo anje ngeshishini, ukufumanisa inyani, ukhuseleko kuzwelonke, kunye ne-5G Ukhuphiswano lwetekhnoloji lwexesha elizayo. Kuyathenjwa ukuba iNkundla yeZibheno izakuxhasa intshukumo yeQualcomm kunye nokumisa ukwenziwa kwesigqibo seNkundla yeSithili.

Nge-18 kaJulayi, i-FTC yafaka isimangalo nxamnye ne-Qualcomm Court of Rules ngokuchasene nesicelo sika-Qualcomm sokumisa ukuvalwa.

Ekugqibeleni, iNkundla yesiThili seTyala lesibhozo yavuma ukususwa kweQualcomm ngo-Agasti ka-23 ngenxa yezi zizathu zithathu: Okokuqala, i-Qualcomm inethuba lokuphumelela kwisibheno; okwesibini, ukuphunyezwa kwesigwebo senkundla yesithili kwinkqubo yesibheno kuya kubangela ukonakala kwiQualcomm; Okwesithathu, umdla woluntu, kubandakanya ukhuseleko lwesizwe, uya kuba nefuthe kwisigwebo.

U-Wang Minsheng, umphathi jikelele we-Shenzhen Guardian Intellectual Property Services Co, Ltd., kudliwanondlebe kunye neJi Wei.com ukuba isigqibo senkundla yesibheno sesokuba iQualcomm ayidingi ukuphumeza inxenye yesigwebo senkundla yesithili ngexesha lesibheno. ixesha Ukuthengisa iilayisensi okanye ukubuyela kubathengi kunye nokugunyazisa i-SEPs kubaxhasi.

KwiQualcomm, Eli lixesha elifanelekileyo lokuvumela ukuba lityale imali ukuze lijongane nenqanaba elilandelayo lesibheno, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokujongana nengcinezelo yothethwano enokuthi ilandele.

Ngaba kubalulekile ukuva "ukukhawulezisa" ukusuka ekuzithembeni okanye koxinzelelo?

Kwinkqubo yokugweba yase-US, emva kwenkqubo yokubhena eqaliswe yiNkundla yeZibheno, amaqela anikwa umda wexesha lokufaka isibheno. Kule meko, i-Qualcomm kufuneka ingenise isibheno sokuqala (ukuvula isikhalazo), ichaza izibakala, isigwebo senkundla yesithili, imigangatho yangoku yomthetho, kunye nokuqaqambisa isizathu sokuba isigwebo senkundla yesithili singalunganga phantsi kwesiseko sezomthetho sangoku. .

Emva koko, i-FTC kufuneka ingenise impendulo (i-arababrief), kwaye izame ukuchaza ukuba isigwebo senkundla sokuqala sesigwebo sichanekile, kwaye inkundla yesibheno kufuneka ixhase isigwebo sokuqala.

Okokugqibela, i-Qualcomm ingangenisa isicelo esichasene nomthetho (ngokuzithandela) yokuphikisa ezinye zeengxoxo zomthetho kwezokhuselo ezifakwe yi-FTC. Impikiswano yokuphikisana ngokubanzi ayimfuneko, kwaye i-Qualcomm inelungelo lokukhetha ukungenisa okanye ukungangenisi.

Inqaku elibalulekileyo kukuba uQualcomm wafaka isimangalo kwiNkundla yeTyala yeSekethe yesiThili nge-8 kaJulayi kwaye wacela ukumiswa okwesikhashana kwesigqibo seNkundla yeSithili, wafaka nesigqibo kwinkundla sokuba likhawulezise ityala. Nge-10 kaJulayi, isindululo savunywa yiNkundla yeZibheno kunye nexesha lamaqela ukuba afake isikhalazo:

Phambi kuka-Agasti 9, uQualcomm wafaka isibheno sokuqala. Phambi kuka-Okthobha 4, i-FTC yafaka impendulo kwaye u-Qualcomm wahambisa inqaku lokuzikhupha ngaphambi komhla we-25 ku-Okthobha.

Ummeli wecandelo lezentengiso uthe kudliwanondlebe noJiwei.com ukuba uQualcomm ucetyise ukukhawulezisa ityala ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi: Okokuqala, yongeza amathuba eNkundla yeZibheno yokunqumamisa ukwenziwa kwesibhengezo; Okwesibini, i-Qualcomm inentembelo eyaneleyo yokuphumelela kwisibheno.

Omnye umntu osemthethweni uyavuma, kwaye ukholelwa ukuba uxinzelelo lweQualcomm lwangoku luvela kwimizi-mveliso kunye nepropathi yentengiso engaqinisekanga ngethemba letyala. I-Qualcomm kufuneka inike ishishini uphawu oluqinisekileyo kunye nokulindela okuhle kwimarike enkulu.

Umntu uxele ukuba nge-21 ka-Agasti, u-Qualcomm kunye no-LG babhengeze ukutyikitywa kwesivumelwano seminyaka emihlanu, kwaye nge-29 ka-Agasti, u-Qualcomm kunye nenkampani yase-Saudi Arabia u-Dallha batyikitya isivumelwano selayisensi yelungelo lobunto egubungela izikhululo ezincinci zemodeli ezincinci, kwezi zimbini Ukushicilelwa. Kucacisiwe gca ukuba imiqathango yesivumelwano iyahambelana nemigaqo yelayisensi yehlabathi jikelele ye-Qualcomm.

"Kwixesha elizayo, i-Qualcomm inethemba lokukhupha ulwazi ukuba isigqibo senkundla yesithili asichaphazeli imvumelwano ekhoyo yesivumelwano, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa ukungaqiniseki okuziswe sisigwebo senkundla yesithili kushishino nakwiimarike ezinkulu." Umthombo uthe.

Ngokwendlela yokuqokelelwa kokuqonda okuncinci, emva kokuba la maqela mabini engenise isibheno, iNkundla yeZibheno yalungiselela ixesha lokuxoxwa kwetyala. Kwiimeko ezininzi, amatyala amelweyo yiNkundla Yesibhozo Yesibheno akazange abandakanye iseshini yenkundla. Ijaji yazama ngokuthe ngqo kwaye yenza isigqibo ngokusekwe kwisibheno sabo bobabini. Nangona kunjalo, abameli beshishini abakhankanywe apha ngasentla balindele ukuba kuya kubakho amatyala aphezulu aphezulu.

Kwimpikiswano yenkundla, iNkundla yeZibheno iya kugxila ekuveni nasekugwebeni iimbambano zomthetho phakathi kwala maqela mabini, kwaye ayizukuthatha isigqibo malunga nembambano eyiyo. Xa ujonga ukuba isigwebo senkundla yesithili sinesiseko esisemthethweni, siya kunika isigwebo esiyinyani kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokuhlonipha. INkundla yeZibheno ayibhekiseli kumvavanyi kwaye ayivumeli ukuhanjiswa kobungqina obutsha. Bonke ubungqina kufuneka bunikezelwe kwiNkundla yeSithili.

Ukongeza, inye kuphela ijaji kwiNkundla yeSithili, kwaye iNkundla yezibheno iyamamela ngokudibeneyo icala liqela lamalungu amathathu elihlangeneyo. Iziphumo zokugqibela ziya kugqitywa ngabagwebi abathathu.

Ukuba isigqibo senkundla yokugqibela sinika inkxaso kwinkundla yesithili, oko akuthethi ukuba ityala liyagqitywa. Ngeli xesha, i-Qualcomm inokuthi icele iNkundla yeZibheno ukuba iqhube ityala elihlanganisiweyo, eliza kubandakanya ngaphezulu kwejaji elinamashumi amabini. Ukongeza, i-Qualcomm inokukhetha ukuqhubeka nokubhenela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US.

Abameli beshishini abakhankanywe apha ngasentla baxelele iJi Wei.com ukuba izibheno ezilandelayo kufuneka zivunywe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ngokubanzi, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iyavuma ukuba umda wezibheno awuphezulu, ngokubanzi awudluli kwi-5%. Ke ngoko, isibheno sesekethe yesithoba Iziphumo zokumamela inkundla zibalulekile kwi-Qualcomm.

Malunga nomhla wokugqibela wokugwetywa kwetyala, igqwetha lathi ixesha lokugweba lomgwebi liyahluka, kwaye kudla ngokuthatha inyanga ezili-12 ukuya ku-19 ukwenza.

Ngaba imidlalo yeqela elininzi leqela leqela leqela leqela leqela lezinto zokuthetha lithetha malunga nomthetho okanye ipolitiki?

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imodeli yeshishini ye-"chip + enelayisensi" e-Qualcomm ekhethekileyo kunye nemilinganiselo yokulinganisa iphindaphinde yacelwayo umngeni kwiiarhente zokuthintela ukunyanzeliswa kwezinto ezivela kumazwe amaninzi kunye nemimandla kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye i-Qualcomm ikwenze neendleko ezinkulu zamatyala kunye nelahleko yezoqoqosho.

Kodwa ngobuchule bophando obuphambili kushishino lokunxibelelana ngaphandle kwamacingo, amandla e-tigation oqinileyo kwinkqubo yokugweba, kunye nokunxibelelana okunzulu kwecandelo kunye nobuchule boovimba, imodeli yeshishini yaseQualcomm ayizange ishukunyiswe. Inzuzo ephezulu kwishishini elinamaphepha-mvume ikwanceda ekwakheni ubuchwepheshe kunye nokuyila kwicandelo lokunxibelelana ngaphandle kwamacingo.

Ngeli xesha, xa ujongene nemicimbi yezomthetho e-anti-monopoly eqaliswe zi-arhente zolawulo zase-US, ezomthetho, kunye nemodeli yeshishini yaseQualcomm, ngaba ingadlula iQualcomm?

Kudliwanondlebe kunye neJiwei.com, umntu osemthethweni wathi umkhamo wokumisa ukwenziwa kweenkundla zesithili uphantsi ukusuka kwisigwebo seNkundla yeZibheno. Ke ngoko, oku akuthethi ukuba iziphumo zesilingo sokugqibela ziya kuxhamla i-Qualcomm.

Umthombo uqhubeke watsho ukuba ijaji elongameleyo yenkundla yesithili, uLucy Koh, wayehlonitshwe kwezomthetho kwaye enoxanduva lwamatyala amakhulu aphathekayo kunye netyala lokungathembeki, kubandakanya nokugqitywa kweminyaka esixhenxe phakathi kweApple ne Samsung. Amatyala apho abenoxanduva khona anqabile ukulahleka. Ngenxa yobukho besi sigwebo senkundla yesithili, iQualcomm ayinathemba malunga nale meko.

Nangona kunjalo, elinye igqwetha lathi i-Qualcomm iqokelele ubuncwane obuninzi kwimicimbi yezolawulo kunye neyomgwebo iminyaka emininzi. Emva kokuphumelela ixesha, i-Qualcomm ibophelelekile ukwenza konke okusemandleni kwinkqubo yokubhena. Kwangelo xesha, isikhundla se-Qualcomm kwishishini, e-United States kugxininiso lwayo nge-5G kunye nezinye izinto, kuya kubakho ukuxhaswa okungaphezulu kunye namazwi okubamba, kwaye ekugqibeleni kunokuchaphazela imeko yecala.

"Ngokombono okhoyo, eli tyala khange libe yinto yomgangatho nje kuphela, kodwa lingene kwinkqubo yomlo wamaqela ahlukeneyo," utshilo igqwetha.

Ngomhla we-12 kaJulayi nange-15 kaJulayi, iSebe le-Amandla le-US kunye ne-Ofisi yoKhuseleko kuZwelonke kunye nezinye iiarhente zangenisa ingxelo kwiNkundla yeZibheno, besithi i-Qualcomm ithathela ingqalelo ukungabikho kwendawo yokunxibelelana ngaphandle kwamacingo kunye ne-5G, kunye nomdla woluntu kunye ukhuseleko kuzwelonke. Inkundla inganqumamisa ukwenziwa kwesigwebo.

Ukongeza, njengenye iarhente ejongene nolawulo-melo e-United States ngaphandle kwe-FTC, iSebe Lezobulungisa lase-US (DOJ) libuye laveza ingxelo kwiNkundla yeSithili kunye neNkundla yeZibheno ukuba izibakala zenkundla yesithili azithathelwa ingqalelo. Ukugweba ngokugwetywa kwezibakala ezichasene nolawulo-mthetho, iSebe lezoBulungisa kunye ne-FTC kunye neNkundla yeSithili zinomahluko. Kufuneka iqatshelwe into yokuba uMakan Delrahim, oyintloko ye-Anti-Monopoly Bureau ye-Ofisi yoBulungisa, ngaphambili ebesebenza njengengcebiso yezomthetho yangaphandle yeQualcomm.

Ke ngoko, kwilingo leli tyala, i-Qualcomm inamandla okuzikhusela kunye nezixhobo ezomeleleyo. Ijaji ezintathu ezongameleyo zeNkundla yeZibheno zinokuthatha isigqibo malunga nenyani ezichasayo, nokuba ngumgwebi ngokwakhe Ukuchaphazela isiphumo sokugqibela, oku kukwenza ukuba imeko yelo tyala ingalindeleki.

U-Wang Minsheng ukholelwa ukuba i-Qualcomm ibibandakanyeke ngokunzulu kwimimandla yolawulo kunye nenkundla iminyaka emininzi, ngakumbi ngeli xesha e-United States. I-Qualcomm iya kugxila kakhulu. Ukusuka kwimbono yomthetho kunye nakwibala lezopolitiko, iya kusebenzisa yonke imithombo ukuphumelela kakhulu. Iziphumo ezithandekayo.

"Ityala elichasene noxolelo lilonke liquka uvavanyo olusemthethweni kwezomnotho. Ngoku izizathu zombini amacala anokwanela. Ngexesha elifanayo, eli tyala libandakanya umdla woluntu, kubandakanya ukhuseleko lukazwelonke lwase-US, ubunkokheli kwezobuchwepheshe kunye nezinye izinto. Ukuba zingenisiwe iakhawunti, izibheno indlela inkundla ejonga ngayo ukulingana phakathi kwezomthetho kunye nemidla yawo onke amaqela iya kuba yinto yokubekwa ityala kwityala elizayo, kwaye kungakho ukugwetywa okuphezulu kwezopolitiko. UWang Minsheng utshilo.

Ngaba kuyinyani ukuba abavelisi beefowuni eziphathwayo bayathetha ngayo?

Nangona imeko yokugqibela yesibheno seQualcomm ingalindelekanga, ushishino oluninzi kunye neengcali kwezomthetho zithethile kudliwanondlebe noJiwei. Akulula ukuba i-Qualcomm ifezekise “ukubuyela ngokupheleleyo emzimbeni” kulwaphulo mthetho oluchasene nobugwenxa. Ukuya kwinqanaba elikhulu, imodeli yokutsha yomatshini i-Qualcomm iyakuhlala ingaguqukanga, kodwa kwinqanaba lelayisensi, i-Qualcomm inokunyanzelwa ukuba yenze uhlengahlengiso kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo elivunywa ngokubanzi ngumzi mveliso.

Oku kusekwe kwizizathu ezahlukeneyo: Okokuqala, imbono yemodeli yeQualcomm kunye neelayisenisi, kubandakanya nomzi-mveliso wase-US, awukhutshwa ngempumelelo. Umahluko kuvavanyo lwe-Qualcomm lwangaphambili lokuchasana nolawulo-gwenxa kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, kubandakanya iKomishini yoTshintsho kunye nokuTshintshwa kweTshayina, iKorea Fair, iTaiwan Regional Fair, kunye neKhomishini yaseYurophu, i-FTC ithe ngqo yakhetha ukumangalela uQualcomm kwiNkundla yeSithili. Iziphumo zesigqibo somgwebo zibophelela ngakumbi.

Okwesibini, emva kwelizwi lokuthandabuza, ebusweni bendawo ethe gqolo yokuhla kwexabiso lenzuzo, amaxabiso eQualcomm abeka uxinzelelo kwiinkampani zeefowuni eziphathwayo. Ityala labandakanyeka abaninzi abenzi bemveliso yokuhanjiswa kwempahla kubandakanya iApple, Samsung, LG, Blackberry, MediaTek, Huawei, njl njl. Ngokujonga abavelisi, amaxabiso akhoyo ngoku aphezulu kakhulu. Oku kukwaxhaswa sisigqibo seNkundla yeSithili, esifuna ukuba iQualcomm ithethathethane nomthengi ngemigaqo efanelekileyo. Ukuba uthethathethwano alunakufikelelwa, kungafunwa ulamlo lwesithathu, kwaye kule nkqubo iQualcomm ayinako ukoyikisa umthengi okanye iqela liphelelwe.

Okwesithathu kukujonga ukuba eli tyala alibandakanyi kuphela umdla wabo bonke abantu abakwicandelo lezorhwebo, kodwa nomdla woluntu kwi-5G, ekuyilekeni kwetekhnoloji kwixa elizayo kunye nemidla yelizwe efana nokuzikhusela kwilizwe. Uhlengahlengiso lwirhafu yindlela enokuthi onke amaqela amkele. Ukwazi ukulungelelanisa umnyinyiva kunye neemfuno zeshishini aziyi kuyenza i-Qualcomm, ngaloo ndlela yenze buthathaka impembelelo yomzi-mveliso kunye nesikhundla esiphambili se-US kwisayensi netekhnoloji.

Nangona isigwebo senkundla yesithili sinqunyanyisiwe okwethutyana, uQualcomm uphinde wathi ishishini elinamaphepha-mvume alifumenanga impembelelo yokufaka isimangalo, kodwa likhuphe nomqondiso oqinisekileyo, kodwa oku akubathinteli abenzi beefowuni eziphathwayo kwisiphithiphithi.

Xa wafaka isimangalo kwiNkundla yezibheno, uQualcomm wathi isigqibo seNkundla yeSithili sabangela ukuba abathengi babini bangabinakho ukubuza ngemibuzo kunye neerhafu ezikhoyo. Ngokwengqiqo yenethiwekhi ye-micro-network, abanye abavelisi bacele ukubonisana noQualcomm.

Umntu okwishishini leefowuni eziphathwayo uxelele iJi Wei.com ukuba enye kungenxa yesigwebo senkundla yesithili. Okwesibini, emva kokuba i-Qualcomm ne-Apple bexolelanisiwe, ngokwentlawulo ka-Apple ye-4.7 yezigidigidi zeedola zaseMelika kwimali yelayisensi kunye nolwazi loluntu, Qualcomm Ireyithi yelayisensi yanika i-Apple isaphulelo esikhulu.

"Le $ 4.7 yezigidigidi ihambelana nentengiso yemveliso ka-Apple malunga nekota eziyi 11. Ukuba ucinga ngesivumelwano selayisense ngqo esityikitywe no-Apple kunye nenkqubo yokufumana amaphepha-mvume kuwo omabini amaqela, intlawulo iyonke.